OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS ON EQUALITY

 1. What is the political concept of equality?

Answer: The political concept of equality refers to the idea that all individuals should have equal rights, opportunities, and treatment before the law.

2. How does the political concept of equality relate to democracy?

Answer: Democracy is based on the principle of political equality, where all citizens have an equal say in the political process.

3. What are the three main types of equality in political science?

Answer: The three main types of equality in political science are legal equality, political equality, and social equality.

4. What is legal equality?

Answer: Legal equality refers to the principle that all individuals should have equal legal rights and be treated equally under the law.

5. What is political equality?

Answer: Political equality refers to the principle that all citizens should have equal political rights, such as the right to vote and participate in the political process.

6. What is social equality?

Answer: Social equality refers to the principle that all individuals should have equal access to resources and opportunities, regardless of their social status or background.

7. What is the difference between formal and substantive equality?

Answer: Formal equality refers to equal treatment under the law, while substantive equality refers to equal outcomes and opportunities.

8. What is the principle of equal protection under the law?

Answer: The principle of equal protection under the law requires that all individuals be treated equally by the government and its laws.

9. What is affirmative action?

Answer: Affirmative action is a policy designed to address historical inequalities by giving preference to members of disadvantaged groups in hiring, admissions, and other areas.

10. What is the difference between equal opportunity and equal outcomes?

Answer: Equal opportunity refers to providing everyone with an equal chance to succeed, while equal outcomes refer to ensuring that everyone achieves the same level of success.

11. What is the difference between de jure and de facto discrimination?

Answer: De jure discrimination refers to discrimination that is written into law, while de facto discrimination refers to discrimination that occurs as a result of social, economic, or other factors.

12. What is the difference between horizontal and vertical equality?

Answer: Horizontal equality refers to treating all individuals equally, while vertical equality refers to ensuring that everyone has access to the same resources and opportunities.

13. What is the difference between distributive and corrective justice?

Answer: Distributive justice refers to the fair distribution of resources and opportunities, while corrective justice refers to rectifying past injustices.

14. What is the difference between formal and informal institutions?

Answer: Formal institutions are those that are established through law and are usually backed by the state, while informal institutions are those that arise through custom and tradition.

15. What is the role of the state in promoting equality?

Answer: The state has a responsibility to ensure that all individuals have equal rights and opportunities, and to promote policies and institutions that promote equality.

16. What is the difference between negative and positive rights?

Answer: Negative rights refer to the right to be free from interference, while positive rights refer to the right to receive certain benefits or services.

17. What is the difference between equality of opportunity and equality of outcome?

Answer: Equality of opportunity refers to ensuring that everyone has an equal chance to succeed, while equality of outcome refers to ensuring that everyone achieves the same level of success.

18. What is the difference between formal and informal equality?

Answer: Formal equality refers to treating everyone the same under the law, while informal equality refers to addressing the underlying social and economic inequalities that contribute to discrimination.

19. What is the difference between civil and political rights?

Answer: Civil rights refer to rights that protect individuals from discrimination and allow them to participate fully in society, while political rights refer to the right to participate in the political process.

20. What is the difference between human rights and civil rights?

Answer: Human rights are fundamental rights that belong to every person, regardless of their nationality or citizenship, while civil rights are specific rights that are granted to individuals by their government.

21. What is the difference between individual and group rights?

Answer: Individual rights protect the rights of individual persons, while group rights protect the rights of specific groups or communities.

22. What is the role of the judiciary in promoting equality?

Answer: The judiciary plays a critical role in interpreting and enforcing the law to ensure that all individuals are treated equally under the law.

23. What is the difference between formal and informal discrimination?

Answer: Formal discrimination refers to discrimination that is explicit and codified in law, while informal discrimination refers to discrimination that occurs through social norms and practices.

24. What is the difference between a minority and a disadvantaged group?

Answer: A minority is a group that is numerically smaller than the rest of the population, while a disadvantaged group is a group that experiences social, economic, or political disadvantage.

25. What is the difference between equal rights and equal treatment?

Answer: Equal rights refer to the legal recognition of equal rights, while equal treatment refers to the actual practice of treating individuals equally.

26. What is the difference between positive and negative discrimination?

Answer: Positive discrimination refers to policies and practices that aim to address past discrimination by giving preferential treatment to members of disadvantaged groups, while negative discrimination refers to policies and practices that discriminate against certain groups.

27. What is the role of civil society in promoting equality?

Answer: Civil society plays a critical role in advocating for policies and practices that promote equality, and in holding governments and institutions accountable for ensuring equal rights and opportunities for all.

28. What is the difference between individual and collective responsibility for promoting equality?

Answer: Individual responsibility refers to the responsibility of individuals to ensure that they are not engaging in discriminatory practices, while collective responsibility refers to the responsibility of society as a whole to address and rectify past and present injustices.

29. What is the role of international human rights law in promoting equality?

Answer: International human rights law provides a framework for promoting and protecting human rights, including the right to equality, and sets standards and guidelines for governments and institutions to follow.

30. What is the difference between a quota system and a merit-based system?

Answer: A quota system involves setting specific targets for the representation of members of disadvantaged groups, while a merit-based system involves selecting individuals based on their qualifications and abilities.

31. What is the role of education in promoting equality?

Answer: Education plays a critical role in promoting equality by providing individuals with the skills and knowledge necessary to succeed and by promoting social and cultural awareness.

32. What is the difference between equality and equity?

Answer: Equality refers to treating all individuals equally, while equity refers to providing individuals with the resources and support necessary to achieve equal outcomes.

33. What is the difference between a social movement and a political party?

Answer: A social movement is a grassroots movement that aims to promote social change, while a political party is an organized group that seeks to gain political power and influence policy.

34. What is the role of political parties in promoting equality?

Answer: Political parties play a critical role in shaping policy and promoting equality by advocating for policies and practices that promote equal rights and opportunities.

35. What is the difference between a democracy and a dictatorship in terms of promoting equality?

Answer: Democracies are based on the principle of political equality, while dictatorships are typically characterized by a lack of political rights and freedoms.

36. What is the role of the media in promoting equality?

Answer: The media plays a critical role in shaping public discourse and opinion, and can help to promote awareness and understanding of issues related to equality.

37. What is the role of public opinion in promoting equality ?

Answer: Public opinion can play a significant role in shaping government policies and practices related to equality by influencing the attitudes and actions of politicians and decision-makers.

38. What is the difference between equality of opportunity and equality of outcome?

Answer: Equality of opportunity refers to ensuring that all individuals have an equal chance to succeed, while equality of outcome refers to ensuring that all individuals achieve the same outcomes regardless of their starting point.

39. What is the difference between formal and substantive equality?

Answer: Formal equality refers to ensuring that all individuals are treated equally under the law, while substantive equality refers to ensuring that all individuals have equal opportunities and resources to achieve their goals.

40. What is the role of affirmative action in promoting equality?

Answer: Affirmative action is a policy that aims to address past and present discrimination by giving preferential treatment to members of disadvantaged groups.

41. What is the difference between integration and assimilation?

Answer: Integration involves ensuring that all individuals have equal access to social and political institutions, while assimilation involves expecting individuals to adopt the cultural norms and values of the dominant group.

42. What is the role of political representation in promoting equality?

Answer: Political representation is important for promoting equality because it ensures that the voices and interests of all individuals, including those from disadvantaged groups, are represented in government decision-making.

43. What is the role of social and economic policies in promoting equality?

Answer: Social and economic policies can play a significant role in promoting equality by ensuring that all individuals have access to basic necessities such as healthcare, education, and housing.

44. What is the difference between de jure and de facto segregation?

Answer: De jure segregation refers to segregation that is explicitly codified in law, while de facto segregation refers to segregation that occurs through social and economic factors.

45. What is the difference between individual and institutional discrimination?

Answer: Individual discrimination refers to discrimination that is carried out by individuals, while institutional discrimination refers to discrimination that is built into the policies and practices of institutions such as businesses or government agencies.

46. What is the role of international organizations in promoting equality?

Answer: International organizations such as the United Nations play a critical role in promoting equality by setting standards and guidelines for member states to follow and by advocating for the rights of disadvantaged groups.

47. What is the role of human rights education in promoting equality?

Answer: Human rights education is important for promoting equality by raising awareness of human rights issues and promoting understanding and empathy for members of disadvantaged groups.

48. What is the difference between a human right and a civil right?

Answer: Human rights are universal rights that belong to every person, while civil rights are specific rights that are granted to individuals by their government.

49. What is the role of the rule of law in promoting equality?

Answer: The rule of law ensures that all individuals are treated equally under the law and that institutions are held accountable for ensuring equal rights and opportunities for all.

50. What is the difference between formal and informal power in promoting equality?

Answer: Formal power refers to the power that is held by government institutions and decision-makers, while informal power refers to the power that is held by social and cultural norms and practices. Both types of power can play a significant role in promoting or hindering equality.